Censorship of Literature Promotes Ignorance Essay

Censorship of Literature Promotes Ignorance Wouldnt it be great if there was a country that stood for freedom and a flag that represented freedom to all through the world? Freedom, now that is hard to come by these days, especially when simple freedoms such as the freedom to read is taken away. Ordinary People by Judith Guest is an example of a novel which has been censored many times. Although censorship or censor is defined by the Websters Dictionary as one appointed to examine books, plays, newspaper articles, etc. before publication, and ban them if containing anything objectionable, censorship is just an old tradition of those in power with the attempt to keep decency and ignorance among the people. Much of the greatest†¦show more content†¦Yes, that may protect the stability of the country but still discourages originality and the realistic view that there is more to the world than the American way of life. No one or idea should be censored based on original ideas because that would mark the end of the democrati c process itself (126). For as long in history that censorship has been around, it is a shame that America itself has sunk into that spell. Censorship has been continuing far before the turn of this millennium. Even before the birth of Christ, censorship has been building a solid foundation in Earths history. Over two thousand years ago in 387 B.C., a man called Plato made an attempt to ban Homers The Odyssey (Schuldt 1). This just shows the striking similarity between censorship then and now. People were able to ban a book just because they objected to its contents. Even the Bible was banned from people throughout the world causing certain countries such as Russia only to allow anti-religious books (1). How can a book as respected and followed as the Bible be banned from human eyes? The arguments against the Bible were that it was found lewd, indecent, and violent...obscene and pornographic, and that there are over three hundred examples of obscenities in the Bible (1). The Bible keeps the faith of many individuals throughout the world making its banning seem like an impossible task but it has been done many times.Show MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Fahrenheit 451 1092 Words   |  5 PagesDYSTOPIAN LITERATURE Dystopian literature is a genre which fashions a hypothetical universe, which is oppressive of humanity by societal control. It subjugates society through corporate, technological, moral or totalitarian control; which is concealed by a Utopian faà §ade; often reflecting the anxieties and fears of the prevailing culture. Good morning and welcome to the Governing Our Futures seminar. This seminar aims to explore the concept of biopower, and express the notion that the manipulationRead MoreEssay about School Censorship is Detrimental to Education1519 Words   |  7 PagesSchool Censorship is Detrimental to Education       Mark Twain, John Steinbeck, Harper Lee, Maya Angelou. What do these writers have in common? Sure, they are all great American authors, but there is something else. They are all banned. Censored. Forbidden. Who has not read a book by at least one of these authors? All are great pieces of literature and should be crucial parts of the high school curriculum. School censorship of books is detrimental to the educational development of highRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Gattaca Comparative Study - Historical Context2281 Words   |  10 PagesCold War, which caused key contextual concerns of this period. During the McCarthy era, the rise of the mass media contributed to the themes and ideas explored by Bradbury’s dystopian fiction novel. These ideas include the danger of censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance and the role of technology which are explored in a world where people are so busy that they do not stop to think or notice beauty or to really communicate with the people aro und them. This is a world where the media feeds the minds ofRead MoreCharacter Analysis of Captain Beatty (Fahrenheit 451)1404 Words   |  6 PagesBeatty, the Nearly Enlightened As fire captain, it is Captain Beatty’s job to promote and direct the eradication of knowledge and free thought within his district through the burning of books in Ray Bradbury’s novel Fahrenheit 451. Though one may expect his job to be one occupied by a brutish, obtuse man with a powerful inferiority complex, this is not so: Beatty is obviously intelligent, well-versed in literature, but also completely devoted to the act of book-burning and the structure that supportsRead MoreFahrenheit 451 By F. Bradbury1261 Words   |  6 Pagesupon their ideas, so they create a risky scheme to overthrow the status quo. Faber will contact a printer and begin replicating books, and Montag will plant books in the homes of firemen to discredit the profession and to destroy the machinery of censorship. Faber gives him a two-way radio earpiece so that he can hear what Montag hears and talk to him secretly. Montag goes home, and hears his wife and friends debating the upcoming war, and their superficiality angers him. He takes out a book of poetryRead MoreFahrenheit 451, By Ray Bradbury1554 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom debating and sharing ideas, has also prohibited the building of front porches on homes to discourage communication. Through the actions of various characters, Bradbury shows the disastrous consequences of such strict governmental controls and censorship. Through his use of symbolism in Fahrenheit 451, Bradbury portrays the themes of destruction and rebirth in a dystopian society. The novel’s key symbol, fire, denotes the destructive nature of an oppressive government and the hope of a new societyRead MoreCensorship And Freedom Of Speech Essay1947 Words   |  8 PagesCensorship is becoming a great issue lately especially in china.there is type of censorship moral ,political ,book and intent.it is by definition anything can be offensive or harmful so it must be banned usually by high authority as governments .it is arguable whether the governments have the right to censor the media or no.people debate it because it is limit the freedom of speech and press if the authorities have the power to control media by controlling the information. However,media shouldRead MoreFahrenheit 451: The Future is Now Essay2640 Words   |  11 Pagesautomaton piloted by the self-interested ideas of a totalitarian government. Over the course of the film, symbols and instances of censorship have made themselves more than clear. Many of the books shown burning—such as â€Å"Madame Bovary and Lolita†Ã¢â‚¬â€were, in their own histories, victims of censorship. The entire idea of book burning, in fact, is a form of censorship utilized by cultures throughout the course of history, notably the book burnings that took place in communist Russia, China, and NaziRead MorePlato s Definition Of Justice1306 Words   |  6 Pagessoul, the spirited part should assist the calculating part, and the desiring part should follow the commands of the calculating part (442c-d). A just individual s action is guided by wisdom and knowledge while an unjust individual is filled with ignorance and opinion (443e-444a; 582a). Because their souls are just, just individuals should rule the city so that the city will also be just. This is because Socrates thinks the city and the soul are isomorphic (368d-e). If Socratesâ⠂¬â„¢ definition of justiceRead MoreThe impacts of the Enlightenment on the European Society 1398 Words   |  6 PagesThe impacts of the Enlightenment on the European Society The Enlightenment is also referred to as the Age of Reason. These names describe the period in America and Europe in the 1700s. During this period, man was emerging from the ignorance centuries into one that was characterized by respect for humanity, science, and reason. The people involved in Enlightenment had the belief that human reason was useful in discovering the universe’s natural laws, determining mankind’s natural rights, and thereby

The Protection Of Civil Rights - 1589 Words

Introduction Canada is known to be one of the leading countries in the world devoted to the protection of civil rights. In the legal context, this feat was achieved through the drafting and the creation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982. The charter was establish to enforce the rule of law and to serve as a mechanism which limits the overarching authority of the states. While the general public enjoys the benefits of numerous rights available to them through the charter, it is the most vulnerable populations within a state which are at risk of being treated unconstitutionally. One of the at-risk populations being examined in this paper is sex workers; specifically prostitutes. There are multiple populations involved in the†¦show more content†¦As the paper progresses it will become evident that the laws dealing with prostitution aims to criminalize various acts of prostitution. Furthermore, this essay provides academic support which demonstrates that prostitution laws compromise the safety and rights of individuals involved in the sex trade professions. Throughout the essay the precedent setting case of Bedford v. Canada is utilized to demonstrate the unconstitutionality of Canada’s prostitution laws. Finally, the essay concludes by drawing comparisons between jurisdictions to understand the outcomes of legalization and decriminalization of prostitution. After careful analysis of the evidence and support in lieu of prostitution law, it will become evident that criminalization of prostitution as a profession violates human rights of the prostitutes and more importantly puts their safety at risk. The paper is strictly referring to the prosti tution laws in the Canadian context. Prostitution in Canada Before proceeding further it is important to get obtain a general understanding of prostitution in Canada. Canada as a nation has had a dubious history with the practice of prostitution. Since 1972, it has been legal to ‘be’ a prostitute but engaging in other prostitution related activities is virtually impossible. Since the late 20th and early 21st Century, while other nation states have progressed towards decriminalizing the

IT Service Management

Question: Discuss about the IT Service Management. Answer: Purpose of Vision Helpdesk The major purpose of vision helpdesk is to deal with the database of each client in a separate manner, being available in multiple time zones, countries as well as languages. This ITSM tool is also purposed for providing multi-channel customer support. Its major purpose lies in the fact that it can covert as well as track all incoming requests either from social media chat, telephone, email or the web overall (Visionhelpdesk 2017). The most important purpose of this product is to provide the utility of a batch of helpful modules such as catalog of products, catalog of services, contract management, supply management, finance management and CMDB. ITIL service lifecycle phase, process or function Figure 1: Screenshot of Vision Helpdesk operation Figure 2: Screenshot of Vision Helpdesk operation Figure 3: Screenshot of Vision Helpdesk operation With the help of the above shown screenshots, a related ITIL service lifecycle phase, function or process can be evaluated. From the attached screenshots, it can be understood that Vision Helpdesk is enriched by an ITSM or ITIL ready product for managing asset, incorporating disposal, maintenance and procurement (Cots and Casadess 2015). It is well elaborated and incorporates a batch of modules or ITIL life cycle phases such as catalog of products, catalog of services, contract management, supply management, finance management as well as CMDB. Figure 4: ITSM lifecycle (Source: Radnor et al. 2015) Core features of the tool Vision Helpdesk is a reliable solution for tracking issues, which can easily identify and recognize tasks and queries with the minimal effort of human beings involved. The major benefit of implementing this software on board is that it can improve the customer experience by providing accurate and quick answers even for the ongoing processes (Trusson, Doherty and Hislop 2014). As an outcome, the expenses can be decreased while the reputation would be increased. On the other hand, another benefit of this ITSM software tool is to track the lifecycle of the tickets as well as improve the task prioritization. Moreover, this tool is also capable enough of empowering the employees as well as boosting their productivity (Visionhelpdesk 2017). Therefore, it would automatically enhance the organizational productivity. Vision Helpdesk also provides an organized workflow through the escalation rules or SLA, notification system as well as macros. Apart from that, this ITSM tool also has the suppo rt for the multiple products as well as brands. Gartners Magic Quadrant for ITSM tools As per the Gartners Magic Quadrant, the Gartner rates generally generate upon two criteria such as capability to execute and completeness of vision. Therefore, the Vision Helpdesk can be assessed based on two major quadrants such as leaders as well as visionaries. This software lies in the vendor quadrant as it has the highest composite scores for the vision completeness as well as execution capability. On the other hand, this software also has the sales and marketing abilities, credibility as well as market share as it lies in the leader quadrant required for driving the new technology acceptance (Visionhelpdesk 2017). Apart from that, Vision Helpdesk also lies in the visionary quadrant as this tool is a complete innovative package of innovative ITSM services. This tool is capable of addressing financially as well as operationally essential end-user issues in a wider range. Thus, this product lies in this quadrant. References Cots, S. and Casadess, M., 2015. Exploring the service management standard ISO 20000.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,26(5-6), pp.515-533. Radnor, Z.J., Bateman, N., Esain, A., Kumar, M., Williams, S.J. and Upton, D.M. eds., 2015.Public Service Operations Management: A Research Handbook. Routledge. Trusson, C.R., Doherty, N.F. and Hislop, D., 2014. Knowledge sharing using IT service management tools: conflicting discourses and incompatible practices.Information Systems Journal,24(4), pp.347-371. Visionhelpdesk.com. (2017).Vision Helpdesk - Customer Service Help Desk Software. [online] Available at: https://www.visionhelpdesk.com/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017].

No Matter What the Beginning Is, the End Will Be the Same

Life is not very different from a Hollywood film; in fact, it is even more unpredictable, changeable, and confusing. This is one of the main questions of our existence and this is the main point of â€Å"Happy Endings† by Margaret Atwood.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on No Matter What the Beginning Is, the End Will Be the Same specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are so many true stories told about people that can serve scenarios for Oscar-winning movies. However, the major theme of all films, as well as the main concern of our life is the relationships between men and women. Love, romance, family, devotion, betrayal, role of woman in the society, unrequited love and pure love, and all that drama is what everything else revolves around. The only difference is that films almost always have happy endings and life always ends up in one thing for all people – the death. Atwood provides several example s of how the individual’s life can develop, and thus, the author suggests an idea that we should not think about what the result of our relationships will be , as life is very unpredictable, in addition, we must feel every moment of life, and live only in present. A majority of the fictional narratives focus on the relationships between man and women; in fact, this is the most popular theme that provides ideas for discussions. Margaret Atwood â€Å"acknowledged as a foremost author† (Van Spanckeren and Castro 9) succeeded in this â€Å"task† and wrote a several different, but typical stories that revolve around this theme. It consists of six parts that deal with different types of relations and various aspects of romance and love that people encounter in their everyday life. There are four main characters which are the subject matter in hands of the author, John and Mary, and Madge and Fred. In fact, it is not actually a story, but a guide on how to create one. It is â€Å"a permutational fiction in the if†¦ then mode† (Wilson 22). James P. Werlock comments on the form and style of the story: â€Å"Happy Endings† is a story about writing a story, with thoughtful advice to both readers and would-be writers (22). It provides several scenarios of the common life stories which can have different endings, however, the author provides that the outcomes will probably be the same. The six possible endings to the story of John and Mary are written as a skeleton outline† (Werlock 302). The author introduces the story to the reader with a description of an ideal life story to which everybody aspires, but the successive several stories are not so happy, though the author offers the readers a choice, â€Å"If you want a happy ending, try A† (Atwood 724). It means that men and women are free to decide what life they want to have and what the â€Å"ending† of their relationships will be.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, the ideas of fiction stories are taken from â€Å"life scenarios† which are so common. No matter, whether you are a man or woman, you want your life to have a â€Å"perfect Hollywood ending† (happy marriage, beautiful house, and wonderful children. But the reality is skeptical and ironical. Thus, the story B provided by Margaret Atwood is more look like a true one. It is a typical description of relations between man and women which can be observed in a real life. This is a typical â€Å"meat† for feminists and it is a story that â€Å"an attack against societal conventions, particularly those surrounding the roles of women† (Korb 157). She loves him and he uses her, finally she dies because of the unrequited love. Where is a promised happy end? Well, a man marries a woman, isn’t it a good ending? But the discussion of relation s of sexes is not finished yet. Let us focus on the relationships of an older man and a young woman. It is one more true life story when young girls gave love affairs with older men. Why? Who knows! May be it is love, or money, or solitude, but the outcomes almost always the same†¦ all continues in A. Another scenario is a story of devotion of women to men. She nurses him until his last breath and then devotes her life to volunteering. It is another perspective on the relationships between man and women, which also can find analogue in an everyday life. The characters are undeveloped and the stories are presented like facts, but everyone will find something familiar in every one. Continuing the theme of the relations of sexes, we can assume that there is one more issue that the author explores in the work. She definitely addresses the question of what is the role of woman in the contemporary society. Indeed, as it has already been mentioned, the author describes different life situations and different social roles women perform. But what is in the focus? What women should do in this life? If to refer to the endings that Atwood provides, we can conclude that woman should get marry. However, what is more important is what life she has before getting married. Thus, achieving her final goal (marriage) woman can be independent and live the life she wants having relations with other men, or building her career. As opposed to this, she can also be devoted to one man during all her life and â€Å"devotes herself to charity work until the end of A. If you like, it can be â€Å"Madge,† â€Å"cancer,† â€Å"guilty and confused,† and â€Å"bird watching.†Ã¢â‚¬  (Atwood 726). Thus, woman can be the leader and can be a slave of her emotions and her man, the can be a perfect businesswoman or a great housewife, she also can be â€Å"slaver† and own men hears, or she can be a prey of the man’s charm. It is her responsibility to decide, but the end will be the same†¦ Another theme in the story is a theme of a pure love. The author begins her story with the description of a pure love that lasts forever and makes two people happy. But what do we see in the stories that follow? As it often happens, pure love is rare and the one who shares it does not have a respond from his/her beloved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on No Matter What the Beginning Is, the End Will Be the Same specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mary loved Fred and ended her life in suicide, in the next story, John kills Mary and James and himself as well, and Madge is unhappy in E after Fred dies. So, do you still want to feel a pure love? Of course, it is not necessary that everything will end up it death, eventually, there are â€Å"happy endings† in life and the author gives us a hope for better outcomes. Interpersonal relationships are very tangled and they are the hardest to maintain in life. What is more important is the end of these relationships. The author points that â€Å"the only authentic ending is the one presented here: John and Mary die. John and Mary die. John and Mary die† (Atwood 726). Indeed, every person’s life will end up in death. Thus, is there some reason to struggle or change something? â€Å"The point is that both of these characters will eventually die, what matters is how and why certain things happen in their lives. That is the real story.† (Woodcock n. p.). Moreover, is there any â€Å"happy ending† at all? In the stories, the author provides the readers with the possibility to choose the ending for each story, thus, life provides people with the choice to arrange his/her life in any possible way, because, â€Å"so much for endings. Beginnings are always more fun† (Atwood 726). Thus, the short story â€Å"Happy Endings† by Margaret Atwood is a collection of several life stories which people can encounter in their everyday life. The author explores the topics of the role of the woman in society, theme of pure love and relations of sexes. But the main intention of the author is to persuade people live their lives to the fullest. Often, people do not take risks to make a desirable step to maintain relationships, such as ask someone to the date, or reject attractions. We often regret about things we did not do. The author provides that there are possibilities of risk and it is better to regret about things you did, than about things you did not do. No matter what you did in your life, you will meet the eternity. However, one should not think about it, but experience every moment of life, because middles are more interesting then endings. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. â€Å"Happy Endings.† Literature: Reading Fiction, Poetry and Drama. Ed. Robert DiYanna. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill, 2008. 724-26.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Korb, Rena. â€Å"Critical Essay on ‘Happy Endings’.†Ã‚  Short Stories for Students. Ed. Jennifer Smith. Vol. 13. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. Literature Resources from Gale. Web. Van Spanckeren, Kathryn, and Jan Garden Castro. Margaret Atwood: Vision and Forms. SIU Press, 1988. Werlock, James P. The Facts on File Companion to the American Short Story. Vol 2. New York: Inc. Infobase Publishing, 2010. Wilson, Sharon Rose. Margaret Atwood’s Textual Assassinations: Recent Poetry and Fiction. Vol. 1. Ohio State University Press, 2003. Woodcock, Leah. â€Å"On Margaret Atwood’s â€Å"Happy Endings†Ã¢â‚¬ . Web. This essay on No Matter What the Beginning Is, the End Will Be the Same was written and submitted by user Emiliano Bryant to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Development Through Interaction essay

buy custom Development Through Interaction essay INTRODUCTION The role parents and adults play in a childs development is very essential if they were to grow up into normal adults. This is because children over the age of 2 and under the age of 6, as young as they may appear, learn fast through doing and copy pasting behaviors therefore they need proper environments and proper corrective measures whenever they go wrong. Proper day cares and play mates also define what they grow up into. For instance a boy that grows up in a family environment where the father is abusive, chances are high he may grow up to become an irresponsible adult living an extreme life of either being abusive or lacking self esteem and motivation. ESSAY A low self esteem is the first step into many of the problems found in our societies; rapists and drug addicts are only but a few of such resultants while a high self esteem means to be accepted and valued in a way that this growing future generation feels wanted and appreciated in their surroundings . Consider a family that values education in that every family member is expected to be a top performer. In such a setting, children who do excel in their tests are likely fit in well thus high self esteem. On other hand, children who appear helpless in their academics and are subjected criticism from their teachers and parents suffer from low self esteem. From a smile at a time and constant attention grows a child that feels loved and appreciated (NAESP 1991). This in turn helps them as they reach a school going age and learn to interact with their surrounding helping them ealuate and choose good playmates and adults they can look up to. Praising a child for hard work either at school or at home helps develop their talent, but over praising them makes it habitual and can be disastrous when at a given point in time they encounter failure at first glance this way, they are bound to get hurt. Finding therefore better ways of praising children not only builds their self confidence but also builds that character in a way that grows a balanced character that believes in hard work as a key to success. As much as children are not to be over praised for finishing their homework in time they also should not be praise whenever they do something wrong (Collins 1984). Learning to give constructive criticism to good performance in a way helps better growth, a proper example for is would be a mother who by reminding me of how hard I had studied whenever I brought home from school good results made me study even harder to make her happy. Every child is born in their own unique way. However the caregiver and a culture to which a child is attached to strongly affect their emotional control in a way that teaches us to understand how to take care of them and teach them whenever a bad habit if acquired. Where we live, how we interact with each other when we are near them and also who we name as their care givers whether a professional nanny, the male or the female parent, the grandparents, the elder siblings or it could be the neighborhood teenager who comes in as a baby sitter are just some of the care givers. A culture will include the parentage to which a baby is born for instance Black American family wwill have a way of life thats different from a traditional Asian family. A child with proper care in early life tends have proper social relations as they grow up and this may result in stable emotions.(Collins 1984) On the other hand, a child that grew up lacking proper care would end up emotionally under developed. Lastly, physical punishment is the intentional act of instilling physical pain by rod or by bare hand to punish errant children in order to prevent them from redoing their mistakes again. A saying goes spare the rod spoil the child supports physical punishment as an educative form of punishment as it instills instant discipline to the errant. Quick and less costly, this form of punishment saves time allowing both parties to get back to their tasks. A school example is where a teacher punishes a student that fails to do their homework an thereafter the two can do their remaining class hours without having to waste time. The cons against such type of punishment will include: lowering the self esteem of both parties which might have bad impacts; it being a method that has short term results renders it ineffective. Alternatively, we might use other methods that will prove why the action was wrong to the errant child in a way that they would not want to repeat the same mistakes; physical punishment may also train our children to be violent in a way that they turn into rebels(Vockell 1991), bully their peers and carry such an out dated form of punishment into their adulthood; and this form of punishment is outlawed in many states around the world as its a from of child abuse that might get the punisher into trouble. Buy custom Development Through Interaction essay

Magical Healthy Goodies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Magical Healthy Goodies - Case Study Example This means, Magical Healthy Goodies wants to have a global outreach. The business of low calorie intake baked cookies, cakes, and pastries should attain international standards. Employees hired: Ms Alyaa Mohamed has been hired as personal assistant. Further, three chefs and three delivery boys are to be hired. The delivery boys would handle the local orders. A manager is to be hired to arrange for international delivery and shipping. An accountant is also to be hired. Ms Fatmah appoints herself as the CEO of the company. Business activities and products offered: Business activities include manufacture, customization, delivery, and shipping of the products. Products include low calorie intake baked cookies, cakes, and pastries. 1. The owner: â€Å"Effective executives do not make great many decisions. They concentrate on what is important. They try to make the few important decisions on the highest level of conceptual understanding.† (Drucker et al, 2001). Ms Fatmah has to function herself at the level of management accountancy. She must personally see the journal, ledger, and trial balance entries. Since this is the age of globalization and the company can aspire to develop international outreach with the laps of time, all financial records should be maintained in terms of US dollars. 2. The lender: Money should be borrowed from a bank that has international operations. The owner should check the previous annual reports of the bank. The stock value of the bank is also an important consideration. The lender, i.e., the bank must check Ms Fatmah’s ability to furnish collateral security. A reliable guarantor should be there. The capital reserves of the new company and the amount of cash in hand are important considerations of for the bank. 3. Competitors: In a competitive market, publicizing the financial records is generally avoidable. Ms Fatmah must keep an eye on her competitors, especially those who have launched public issue. Their

Voting Rights and the United States Supreme Court Essay

Voting Rights and the United States Supreme Court - Essay Example When the United States Constitution was ratified in 1788, suffrage was not discussed in the text, except by reference to the age of qualification to hold certain office, and by mention of the census, for which Native Americans were excluded and African Americans were to be counted as three-fifths of a white man for the purpose of this head count. The management of elections was a right given over exclusively to the States (The Constitution, Art. 1, Sec. 4). It was left to the Bill of Rights, Article 9, Section 2, to specify that voting was only for white males over twenty-one years of age. The Constitution’s lack of specifics left the States to establish their own brand of voting rights, or non-rights in most cases. Religion was a common restriction on suffrage, including holding Office of any kind. Delaware’s Constitution denied Jews, Quakers and Catholics the right to vote or hold office by providing an oath to be taken before voting. Said oath required one to profess a Christian belief in specific way (Delaware Constitution). There were no cases addressing this issue brought before Chief Justice John Jay during the first term at the Supreme Court and the religious prohibitions stayed in place until 1810 with no help from the Court (U.S. Voting Rights). In fact, it wasn’t until 1810 that the Supreme Court found any State law unconstitutional (Fletcher). The U.S. Constitution, Article 3, states, â€Å"(t)he judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts that the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.† Couple this with the fact that the Court consists of nine judges, not elected but appointed by the President of the United States for a lifetime term, and there is created a body that may pick and choose which cases to hear and through which they impact the lives of everyone living under its jurisdiction. The Court is loathe to decide a case on constitutional grounds w hen there are other issues that will decide the case, a well established principle according to the Court in Escambia. Thus there may have been many voter rights cases we have never heard about simply because the Supreme Court would not rule on a State’s right to set out its own voting guidelines and disenfranchise certain types of citizens. There is a dearth of cases dealing with voting rights issues for the first fifty years of the court’s existence. It wasn’t until Williams v. Mississipi, decided in 1898, that the Supreme Court specifically address a constitutional challenge to a State’s voting restrictions and the court found no discrimination in a poll tax nor a literacy test. It took an Act of Congress to fill in some of the gaps. Legislative response was to pass the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution and provide that the right to vote could not be denied a citizen based on â€Å"race, color or previous condition of servitude.† It was pr oposed in 1868 and ratified in 1870 as a direct response to Reconstruction Era politics that pitted some (mainly Southern) States against the Federal Government. Congress spoke and the right to vote in elections was open to all adult males aged twenty-one and over. However, the States were finding ways around the literal interpretation of the Fifteenth Ame